The deep integration of the digital music industry and artificial intelligence technology has given rise to exclusive licensing of AI music training data, a new type of copyright transaction model. While playing a positive role in promoting the legalization of music, reducing transaction costs, and stimulating creative vitality, this model also brings monopoly risks such as the centralization of training data and the formation of market barriers due to its exclusive characteristics, posing potential impacts on market competition order and public interests. This paper conducts research from the dual dimensions of copyright law and antitrust law, arguing that the licensing model should not be simply affirmed or denied, and a scenario-based identification approach should be adopted to distinguish the boundary of rationality. The study finds that the technical characteristics of AI training data pose new dilemmas for relevant market definition and market dominance determination, making traditional regulatory methods inapplicable. This paper puts forward targeted improvement plans: improving relevant market definition with quality substitution tests, optimizing differentiated licensing regulation with data substitutability and market impact, reconstructing the concentration review system with the dual-dimensional standard of "data + technology", and promoting the dynamic coordination of copyright law and antitrust law.

With the rapid development of modern new media, short video platforms have achieved unprecedented popularity. For the younger generation, short videos are far more than a simple pastime; they have gradually become an essential channel for daily relaxation and social information acquisition. Due to their rich content and extensive influence, short videos continuously affect teenagers' cognition of the outside world. Nevertheless, such widespread popularity also brings hidden risks. A considerable number of short videos contain biased viewpoints, inappropriate content and excessive recreational elements, which may mislead teenagers and cause them to accept incorrect values or imitate inappropriate actions. On the other hand, many high-quality short videos can deliver positive ideas and broaden teenagers' horizons effectively. This study mainly discusses the communication characteristics of fragmented audiovisual materials and their impacts on the formation of teenagers' values. By sorting out relevant domestic and international research results, this paper analyzes the adverse influences of short videos on adolescent values and explores their underlying causes. On this basis, it puts forward feasible suggestions for standardized development. This research clarifies the mechanism of short videos acting on teenagers' moral cognition and daily behaviors, so as to provide references for optimizing online content management. Relevant institutions should strengthen content supervision, formulate standardized management rules, and guide teenagers to establish rational online behaviors. In this way, adolescents can form healthy world outlooks and sense of responsibility, which is of great significance for their personal growth and the long-term development of the whole society.

Recently, many people have been discussing the idea of diversity in politics and society. However, one cannot help but wonder what exactly this "diversity" is referring to; is it only an outward show, or does it have practical benefits that require institutional support from public policy? Although diversity is both intrinsically and extrinsically beneficial, these values will be better realised through equal opportunity and merit-based channels rather than by mandatory affirmative action quotas. Based on the classical theories of justice and recognition, as well as current empirical studies and policies, three national cases are analyzed in this paper—post-apartheid Black Economic Empowerment in South Africa, preferential college admission policies for ethnic minorities in China, and the United States context after Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard (2023). Although the mandatory diversity plan has raised the proportion of some groups to a certain extent in a short time, tokenism and social discontent may also be emerging; thus, the aim of cultivating all-around diversity will not be fully achieved. On the other hand, a merit-and-opportunity system can produce diversity naturally by expanding access to it; it is not a result of special arrangements for particular groups. Expanding educational and economic opportunities provides more stable ways for people to achieve the purpose of diversity.

Brain-computer interface technology is moving from laboratories to clinical and industrial applications at an unprecedented speed, and the legal risks derived therefrom have exceeded the responsive capacity of traditional civil laws. This paper demonstrates its argument following the approach of "risk typology – regulatory systematization". Brain-computer interface technology has three key characteristics in legal evaluation, namely direct intervention, bidirectional interaction, and identifiability and inferability of neural data. It impacts the mind-body dualistic structure and the subjective status of human beings, thereby triggering three progressive types of risks: personal rights and interests, neural information legal interests, and autonomy of will and liability bearing. The current norms in China have obvious deficiencies in three dimensions: subjectivity, remedy and responsiveness. In this regard, a regulatory path should be constructed following the three-stage logic of "right justification – norm improvement – regulatory innovation", so as to seek a dynamic balance between humanistic order and technological progress.

Relying on Article 138 of theRules of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Seaand an expansive interpretation of the term "matters" in Article 21 of Annex VIStatute, the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea has autonomously established advisory jurisdiction for the full tribunal. In Case No. 21 and Case No. 31, it has continuously expanded the scope of personal and subject-matter jurisdiction by introducing the "sufficient connection" standard. Such expansion of the Tribunal's advisory jurisdiction has given rise to three rule-of-law risks: an unstable legal foundation, the potential abuse of advisory proceedings as a disguised tool for compulsory dispute settlement, and excessive judicial law-making by the Tribunal through advisory opinions. The causes can be traced to three levels: normative, subjective, and institutional. Article 138 of theRules of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Seaitself lacks restrictive elements; some states intend to pursue their own interests through advisory proceedings; and the Tribunal has both a strong desire to expand its powers and room for judicial activism. To regulate the risks of expansion, coordinated efforts are required across four dimensions: theoretical, procedural, substantive, and China's responses. These include reaffirming the guiding effect of the principle of consent of the parties, prudently examining the preconditions for the exercise of advisory jurisdiction, correcting the expansive interpretation of states' rights and obligations, and striking a balance between opposing the Tribunal's excessive expansion of powers and constructively participating in global ocean governance.