The deep integration of the digital music industry and artificial intelligence technology has given rise to exclusive licensing of AI music training data, a new type of copyright transaction model. While playing a positive role in promoting the legalization of music, reducing transaction costs, and stimulating creative vitality, this model also brings monopoly risks such as the centralization of training data and the formation of market barriers due to its exclusive characteristics, posing potential impacts on market competition order and public interests. This paper conducts research from the dual dimensions of copyright law and antitrust law, arguing that the licensing model should not be simply affirmed or denied, and a scenario-based identification approach should be adopted to distinguish the boundary of rationality. The study finds that the technical characteristics of AI training data pose new dilemmas for relevant market definition and market dominance determination, making traditional regulatory methods inapplicable. This paper puts forward targeted improvement plans: improving relevant market definition with quality substitution tests, optimizing differentiated licensing regulation with data substitutability and market impact, reconstructing the concentration review system with the dual-dimensional standard of "data + technology", and promoting the dynamic coordination of copyright law and antitrust law.

With the rapid development of modern new media, short video platforms have achieved unprecedented popularity. For the younger generation, short videos are far more than a simple pastime; they have gradually become an essential channel for daily relaxation and social information acquisition. Due to their rich content and extensive influence, short videos continuously affect teenagers' cognition of the outside world. Nevertheless, such widespread popularity also brings hidden risks. A considerable number of short videos contain biased viewpoints, inappropriate content and excessive recreational elements, which may mislead teenagers and cause them to accept incorrect values or imitate inappropriate actions. On the other hand, many high-quality short videos can deliver positive ideas and broaden teenagers' horizons effectively. This study mainly discusses the communication characteristics of fragmented audiovisual materials and their impacts on the formation of teenagers' values. By sorting out relevant domestic and international research results, this paper analyzes the adverse influences of short videos on adolescent values and explores their underlying causes. On this basis, it puts forward feasible suggestions for standardized development. This research clarifies the mechanism of short videos acting on teenagers' moral cognition and daily behaviors, so as to provide references for optimizing online content management. Relevant institutions should strengthen content supervision, formulate standardized management rules, and guide teenagers to establish rational online behaviors. In this way, adolescents can form healthy world outlooks and sense of responsibility, which is of great significance for their personal growth and the long-term development of the whole society.

Recently, many people have been discussing the idea of diversity in politics and society. However, one cannot help but wonder what exactly this "diversity" is referring to; is it only an outward show, or does it have practical benefits that require institutional support from public policy? Although diversity is both intrinsically and extrinsically beneficial, these values will be better realised through equal opportunity and merit-based channels rather than by mandatory affirmative action quotas. Based on the classical theories of justice and recognition, as well as current empirical studies and policies, three national cases are analyzed in this paper—post-apartheid Black Economic Empowerment in South Africa, preferential college admission policies for ethnic minorities in China, and the United States context after Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard (2023). Although the mandatory diversity plan has raised the proportion of some groups to a certain extent in a short time, tokenism and social discontent may also be emerging; thus, the aim of cultivating all-around diversity will not be fully achieved. On the other hand, a merit-and-opportunity system can produce diversity naturally by expanding access to it; it is not a result of special arrangements for particular groups. Expanding educational and economic opportunities provides more stable ways for people to achieve the purpose of diversity.

Brain-computer interface technology is moving from laboratories to clinical and industrial applications at an unprecedented speed, and the legal risks derived therefrom have exceeded the responsive capacity of traditional civil laws. This paper demonstrates its argument following the approach of "risk typology – regulatory systematization". Brain-computer interface technology has three key characteristics in legal evaluation, namely direct intervention, bidirectional interaction, and identifiability and inferability of neural data. It impacts the mind-body dualistic structure and the subjective status of human beings, thereby triggering three progressive types of risks: personal rights and interests, neural information legal interests, and autonomy of will and liability bearing. The current norms in China have obvious deficiencies in three dimensions: subjectivity, remedy and responsiveness. In this regard, a regulatory path should be constructed following the three-stage logic of "right justification – norm improvement – regulatory innovation", so as to seek a dynamic balance between humanistic order and technological progress.

Relying on Article 138 of theRules of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Seaand an expansive interpretation of the term "matters" in Article 21 of Annex VIStatute, the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea has autonomously established advisory jurisdiction for the full tribunal. In Case No. 21 and Case No. 31, it has continuously expanded the scope of personal and subject-matter jurisdiction by introducing the "sufficient connection" standard. Such expansion of the Tribunal's advisory jurisdiction has given rise to three rule-of-law risks: an unstable legal foundation, the potential abuse of advisory proceedings as a disguised tool for compulsory dispute settlement, and excessive judicial law-making by the Tribunal through advisory opinions. The causes can be traced to three levels: normative, subjective, and institutional. Article 138 of theRules of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Seaitself lacks restrictive elements; some states intend to pursue their own interests through advisory proceedings; and the Tribunal has both a strong desire to expand its powers and room for judicial activism. To regulate the risks of expansion, coordinated efforts are required across four dimensions: theoretical, procedural, substantive, and China's responses. These include reaffirming the guiding effect of the principle of consent of the parties, prudently examining the preconditions for the exercise of advisory jurisdiction, correcting the expansive interpretation of states' rights and obligations, and striking a balance between opposing the Tribunal's excessive expansion of powers and constructively participating in global ocean governance.

This paper examines the legal significance of good faith in Hong Kong's doctrine of adverse possession during the transition from deed registration to title registration. The current common law approach focuses mainly on factual possession and intention to possess, and it gives limited attention to whether the possessor acted honestly or opportunistically. In a high-value land market, this moral neutrality creates tension between title-cleansing functions and the protection of registered owners. The paper argues that adverse possession should not be abolished because it remains necessary for resolving historical boundary discrepancies, especially in the New Territories, and for preparing older land records for the future title registration system. However, the doctrine should be reconstructed through a substantive good-faith requirement, a notification mechanism for registered land, and a compensation-based liability rule for bad-faith possession. These reforms would preserve the efficiency of adverse possession while reducing unjust enrichment, improving constitutional proportionality, and drawing a clearer boundary between legitimate property protection and perceived land theft.

Against the background of the in-depth development of the digital economy, decentralized platforms such as TikTok and Red Note have become core fields of social commerce. Algorithmic recommendation and social sharing form a two-wheel drive model, which profoundly constructs users' consumption decision-making paths. Taking social commerce users as research objects, this study adopts a combination of literature research and empirical analysis to explore the synergistic influence mechanism of algorithmic recommendation and social sharing on consumption decision-making, as well as the differences in the degree of influence among different groups. The study finds that algorithms stimulate users' potential consumption demand through cost-effective screening and personalized reach, while social sharing completes consumption transformation by virtue of authentic content, reputation, and trust, forming a synergistic closed loop of "algorithm reach stimulation—social trust verification—transaction completion". Data show that users are most sensitive to the cost-performance ratio in algorithmic recommendation, while content authenticity and reputation are the core driving factors of social sharing, and different groups have significant differences in their dependence on the two mechanisms. This study explains the consumption decision-making mechanism of social commerce from the perspective of algorithms and social collaboration, providing a reference for platforms to optimize recommendation strategies and brand marketing.

Algorithmic advertising has become a central form of commercial communication on digital platforms. By collecting browsing records, purchase histories, gender settings and other behavioral data, platforms can deliver personalized advertisements with great efficiency. However, the same system may also reproduce and intensify gender stereotypes when gender becomes a decisive factor in recommendation and product classification. This paper examines whether gender-stereotyped advertising should be regulated as a form of discriminatory commercial expression. It first explains how personalized advertising narrows users' choices and shapes social expectations about femininity, masculinity and sexual identity. It then analyzes the tension between gender equality and commercial speech, arguing that legal intervention is legitimate when advertising reinforces harmful stereotypes and undermines dignity. Drawing on comparative experience from the United Kingdom and related scholarship on stereotypes, discrimination and media representation, the paper proposes a reasonable-person standard, a dynamic discriminatory-expression dictionary, and platform-based review duties. These measures aim to reduce gender-based harm while preserving proportionate space for lawful advertising innovation.

Bankruptcy law often redistributes rather than fully eliminates economic inefficiency by changing the allocation of insolvency risk, and therefore reflects broader political economy choices about who should bear the costs of corporate failure. This article compares Australia's safe harbour reforms with the administrative management of zombie companies in China and contends that insolvency regimes do not resolve the tension between creditor protection and corporate rescue, but rather redistribute the costs of financial distress according to different institutional priorities. Australia's safe harbour regime shifts insolvency risk toward creditors by making it easier for directors to reduce their personal exposure and by allowing for delayed filings and speculative restructuring. China's interventionist approach, through state support and administrative forbearance, sustains zombie firms and weakens competitive discipline through capital misallocation. Bankruptcy law therefore cannot eliminate the tensions inherent in insolvency; it can only redistribute them within the constraints of political economy and institutional design.

In order to study the differences in advertising and marketing strategies between luxury brands and affordable brands, this paper adopts a mixed research method, combining qualitative research (case studies, in-depth interviews) and quantitative research (questionnaires). From the perspective of symbolic value and functional value, this paper analyzes Gucci and COACH as cases and quantitatively analyzes consumers’ subjective perception of different brands. The results show that luxury brands mainly focus on symbolic value and emotional experience to convey the symbols of social identity; the affordable brands focus on the cost-performance and functionality of the product to meet the practical consumption of the public. In the new consumption environment, the marketing strategies of the two brands show a trend of mutual integration. Luxury brands began to add functional expressions, while affordable brands introduced emotional narrative. This study reveals the differences in the sales logic of the two types of brands and also provides ideas and references for the optimization of the marketing strategies of the two different brands.