The rapid rise of generative AI-generated image-based technologies is profoundly challenging the traditional copyright law paradigm, which is centered on human intellectual creation. In this technological architecture, the user's "prompt" becomes the key medium connecting human intent and machine-generated results, and its legal attributes directly relate to the copyright ability of the final generated work. This article aims to analyze existing scholarly debates, focusing on the core legal issues of prompts as a carrier of originality. Through a review of relevant theories and key judicial cases, this article clarifies that when prompts possess a certain information density, demonstrate the user’s continuous control over the generation process, and to a certain extent reflect the user’s conception of and control over the work’s expression, they can serve as important evidence of originality for the copyright of AI-generated image works.

As the development of generative Artificial Intelligence Technology continues to advance, problems related to Copyright Infringement caused by AI-generated Works are rising more frequently; In particular, User Liability due to Use of such Technologies is also On-the-rise. Systematically analyse the liability determination pathways of direct infringement, contributory infringement and fair use defences triggered by artificial intelligence-generated content in relation to substantial similarity under the specific circumstances of AI. Further demonstrate the difficulties of adapting to traditional safe harbours for AI governance. According to this, the paper presents a phased-separated and subject-based liability-sharing mechanism. Considering both types of criteria that belong to the "controls" and "Contextualisation", so as to find an appropriate way between technological innovation and copyright protection. This offers viable theoretical reference for optimising copyright systems in the AI era.

Adverse possession under common law and acquisitive prescription under civil law are core legal mechanisms for acquiring real rights through possession, shaped by their distinct legal traditions and historical evolutions. With the globalization of transactions and digitalization of property rights, conflicts in their application, particularly in cross-border disputes and emerging property fields, have become increasingly prominent. Existing research mainly offers horizontal comparison of institutional elements, lacking an in-depth analysis grounded in systematic methodologies. This paper adopts comparative, normative, and case analysis methods to explore the essential differences between the two institutions in terms of constitutive elements and legal effects, and to explore how their distinct institutional orientations produce functional divergences differ in practice. The study finds that due to differing value priorities—"efficiency" in common law versus "fairness and order" in civil law—adverse possession and acquisitive prescription diverge in requirements for the possessor's subjective state, prescription periods, and the attainment of legal effects. By analyzing their functional connotations and practical boundaries, this paper enriches comparative research on property law and provides insights for the improvement of possession-based real right acquisition regimes and the harmonization of international property law rules.

Digital technology and streaming services have profoundly changed the pattern of commercial sports, especially in stimulating the fan economy. Based on literature and SWOT model, this study explores the mechanism of fan economy on fan participation and the evolution of sports industry in the digital marketing environment. The results show that the streaming media platform improves user interaction through immersive experience, and realizes revenue diversification through subscriptions, virtual gifts and online sales. However, excessive commercialization and dispersion of copyright resources may weaken the loyalty of fans. To this end, ports organizations should actively introduce immersive technologies such as virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) to optimize the interactive experience of watching the game, and formulate differentiated digital marketing strategies to strengthen the dynamic balance between the authenticity of athletes' personal brands and public exposure. The above strategies not only help alleviate the decline in loyalty brought about by commercialization, but also provide theoretical support and practical path for building a sustainable and highly sticky fan economy system.

The European Union has built the world’s most influential regulatory system for cross-border data flow through theGeneral Data Protection Regulation,and the judicial practices of the Court of Justice of the European Union and the courts of member states have played a crucial role in the evolution of this system. This paper systematically examines the latest trends in the judicial application of EU cross-border data flow rules. At the level of review standards, the Court of Justice of the European Union has completed a paradigm shift from formal compliance to dynamic standardization: starting with the principle of "substantial equivalence" established in the Schrems series of cases, followed by the proceduralization of this principle into due diligence obligations in the European Data Protection Board guidelines, and finally the continuous monitoring obligations affirmed in the EU-U.S. Data Privacy Framework and theLatombecase. The scope of review has also been extended to intergovernmental treaty-based data exchange. Through contextual application and proportionality assessment, the courts of member states have judicially corrected zero-risk enforcement, introduced a contextual perspective, and struck a balance between rights protection and commercial realities. At the level of remedies and enforcement, theBindlcase lowered the threshold for finding non-material damage, theWhatsAppcase confirmed enterprises’ direct right of action against binding decisions of the European Data Protection Board, and theEEvidence Regulationhas transformed judicial authorities from passive recipients relying on administrative assistance into proactive subjects that can issue evidence orders directly to global service providers. These developments have strengthened the effectiveness of remedies and the accessibility of enforcement from the dimensions of data subjects, enterprises, and judicial authorities.

With the establishment of the subscribed capital system under China's Company Law in 2013, problems such as the blurring of capital contribution obligations and the weakening of capital credit pose challenges to the corporate capital system and governance order. This article takes Article 52 of the new Company Law as the core to analyzes the internal logic that the system evolved from the shareholder expulsion system, clarifies the original intention of creating the system to make up for the deficiencies of the subscribed capital system; analyzes its applicable requirements and procedural structure, and clarifies the applicable standards and operational boundaries in practice; then discusses the path of equity disposal and liability assumption after loss of rights to resolve practical disputes; and puts forward suggestions for improving the system in light of practical disputes. The findings suggest that the system is of great value in strengthening capital authenticity and improving governance efficiency, and can effectively regulate the chaos of capital contributions under the subscribed capital system. However, there are still deficiencies in procedural justice, rights relief and anti-abuse mechanisms, and the rule design needs to be further improved to take into account regulatory effect and rights balance and maximize the value of the system. This paper introduces the "procedural sanctions mechanism" and the "three-tier governance model", revealing the functional positioning of the shareholder disrepresentation system in the corporate governance system.

This study examines how algorithmic recommendation systems on Chinese social media platforms shape the cultural identity of international students in China. Through in-depth qualitative interviews with 20 students from different countries, the research explored how algorithmically curated content on Douyin, WeChat, and Xiaohongshu mediates daily cross-cultural encounters. The findings show that algorithmic recommendations, through repeated exposure and personalized content push, have a profound impact on the way participants engage with, participate in, and interpret Chinese cultural narratives. Participants do not passively receive platform content. Instead, they engage in selective participation, active negotiation, and meaning-making within algorithmically structured information environments. Although most participants reported an increase in familiarity with Chinese culture and the development of positive perceptions, some participants also expressed conflicting moments in their identity, highlighting the complexity and non-linear characteristics of the process of cultural identity formation. This study focuses on the structural role of algorithmic recommendations in constructing cultural experiences, providing empirical supplements from the Chinese social media ecosystem for existing discussions on topics such as digital media, cultural identity, and the mediated experiences of international students.

The rapid advancement of generative artificial intelligence is profoundly transforming content creation and also challenging the originality principle of authorship in copyright law, which is centered on human authorship. Currently, there are significant differences among national judicial practices regarding whether AI-generated content meets the originality requirement, leading to difficulties in applying originality assessments. This paper employs case analysis, literature review, and comparative research to examine typical judicial cases in China and other jurisdictions, as well as how different legal systems establish originality standards. It further explores the specific impacts of generative AI on the constituent elements of originality and the practical challenges in applying traditional originality criteria. The study finds that although countries have different originality standards, 'substantial human contribution' is gradually becoming the core consensus for determining the copyright eligibility of AI-generated content. This paper proposes establishing a tiered protection model based on the level of human contribution, aiming to strike a dynamic balance between incentivizing technological innovation and upholding the primacy of human authorship. This research provides theoretical references and institutional recommendations for improving China's generative AI copyright system and helps promote the adaptive development of copyright law in the digital age.

Air transport contracts possess significant particularities, and statutory rules have inherent limitations; consequently, trade usage plays a supplementary normative role in this field. However, in judicial practice, the identification of trade usage in air transport has long faced numerous challenges, including ambiguous factual determination standards, conflicting legal review criteria, and the absence of a systematic identification mechanism. This paper adopts an analytical framework based on the factual and legal standards of trade usage, utilizing case study, normative analysis, and comparative law methods to systematically examine the identification of trade usage in air transport. The study concludes that the constitutive elements of trade usage in air transport are repeated application and general recognition. Objectification is achieved through vehicles such as international customs, industry association-recommended practices, and general conditions of carriage; subjective recognition is attained via mechanisms of conspicuous notice by the carrier and implied consent by the passenger. Furthermore, usage is subject to dual scrutiny regarding legality, public order and good morals, and core industry values. On this basis, this paper proposes a normative path characterized by the concretization of factual determination standards, the multi-layered application of legal review criteria, and the systematization of identification mechanisms. Theoretically, this clarifies the intrinsic logic of the transformation of air transport trade usage from commercial practice to legal norm. Practically, it provides operable standards for judicial organs to identify and apply such usage, thereby reducing transaction costs, enhancing the predictability of adjudication, and promoting a positive interaction between air transport industry self-regulation and state mandatory norms.

Embodied intelligence is driving the human-machine relationship from a "human-dominated" model toward "collaborative co-creation," which, while boosting productivity, also triggers deep-seated contradictions in production relations. Drawing on Marx's theory of reproduction, this paper analyzes the dilemmas of human-machine collaboration through the four stages of production, distribution, exchange, and consumption: In the production stage, workers lose decision-making power, are disciplined by algorithms, and are alienated into becoming data producers; in the distribution phase, behavioral data unconsciously generated by workers drives algorithmic iteration yet remains excluded from the distribution system, resulting in hidden data exploitation; in the exchange phase, high barriers to entry for technology and capital foster market monopolies; and in the consumption phase, high costs lead to service stratification, making it difficult for technological dividends to benefit the general public. The root causes lie in the disruption of labor relations boundaries by the transformation of the means of production, the exclusion of implicit data labor from distribution rules, the concentration of capital driven by high industry barriers, and social structural constraints on technological dissemination. Therefore, this paper advocates for the coordinated reconstruction of production relations across three levels: macro-level institutional constraints, meso-level organizational transformation, and micro-level rights protection. Through pathways such as the recognition of data labor rights, anti-monopoly regulation, and algorithmic transparency, we aim to build an equal, just, and sustainable future of human-machine collaboration.