The rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) technology has driven a new round of scientific and technological revolution. AI, leveraging neural networks, generates artistic works that circulate globally through the Internet. However, the international community lacks consensus on the copyright ownership for AI-generated work, hindering global fair competition in intellectual property. Currently, the discussions mainly focus on whether AI has the qualification of a subject of rights and how to determine the human copyright holder. This paper, using the comparative and the normative analysis method, examines the legislation and judicial practice of the international community in the ownership of copyright of AI-generated works. It concludes that copyright should vest in human subjects, and further proposes a solution to regard the users of AI as the object of copyright ownership. It also emphasizes strengthening the international coordination of the copyright ownership system for AI-generated works.

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) faces significant legal challenges due to diverse legal traditions across countries. Existing research overlooks insights from ancient Silk Road trade rules. This paper explores core characteristics of ancient Silk Road trade rules (flexible contracts, credit governance, dispute resolution) via literature review and case analysis, hoping to integrate the ancient wisdom with modern legal systems. Findings reveal that ancient wisdom offers valuable solutions: flexible contracts with culturally adaptive clauses can balance legal diversity; credit mechanisms and trust can strengthen cross-border compliance; and locally embedded dispute resolution models can enhance the efficiency of conflict mitigation . The study further develops a "Three-Stage Legal Coordination Model" (preventive due diligence, in-execution consultation, and corrective revision) to offer practical compliance strategies for businesses and inform regional legal coordination for the BRI. Given that the BRI serves as an important platform for global economic cooperation and cultural exchange, integrating the wisdom of the ancient Silk Road not only enhances the theoretical system for legal coordination but also provides insights to address challenges.

In the context of the deep integration of the global digital economy, digital trade has become the core engine of international trade growth. However, the current rule system of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) is ill-equipped to address the challenges posed by new trade forms such as artificial intelligence and cross-border data flows, with the digital governance divide becoming increasingly evident. This paper takes 'modernisation of digital trade rules’ as its core theme, employing case law analysis to systematically examine the institutional shortcomings of WTO rules in the field of digital trade and propose targeted improvement pathways. The study identifies three core issues with the current rules: first, the absence of a dedicated digital trade agreement has resulted in institutional gaps; second, rule provisions lag behind the development of emerging technologies; and third, the abuse of security exception clauses has created enforcement challenges. Based on an analysis of typical WTO cases, this paper proposes reforms in three areas: improving existing rules, establishing a dedicated digital trade mechanism, and innovating dispute resolution methods. These reforms aim to achieve a balance between data free flow and security regulation, thereby safeguarding the development rights of developing countries in digital trade.

The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) schedules are treaty-level instruments that lock in each WTO member’s market-access and national-treatment commitments. In relevant cases, contemporary panels and the Appellate Body have overwhelmingly privileged a literal reading of these schedules, primarily invoking the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT) Article 31 while marginalising Article 32. This paper illustrates the flaws of textualism through the China—Electronic Payment Services dispute (DS413), in which a 2001 schedule drafted under the pre-digital CPC 813 nomenclature was stretched to cover electronic payment services. This paper also proposes a hybrid interpretive methodology that integrates VCLT Articles 31 and 32, embeds member-driven clarification mechanisms and modernises the underlying classification system as case studies, and demonstrates how the hybrid model would have preserved regulatory space, reduced sovereignty erosion, and future-proofed schedules against technological shocks. To practically implement hybrid interpretation, the paper outlines a concrete reform roadmap comprising four steps: burden-shifting protocols in dispute settlement, Working Party footnotes for acceding members, Joint Interpretative Statements under GATS Article X:1, and biannual technological reviews by a reconstituted WTO Technical Committee on Services Classification.

Remote teaching pattern has a huge revolution and impact on traditional education pattern which raises up people's thoughts on the transformation of teaching. This issue has been received widespread attention while the relevant research and analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of online education pattern to teachers' education still contains some deficiencies. Based on this situation, this essay analysis the advantages and disadvantages of remote education to teachers' teaching. According to analysis, the benefit of remote teaching pattern to teachers' development mainly focuses on two perspectives: First, encouraging teachers to conduct in-depth reflection and rebuilt their own teaching concepts. Second, promoting the revolution and improvement of personal teaching approaches of teachers. Meanwhile, this essay also analysis the disadvantages of remote teaching pattern to teachers' education which are increasing the challenges of evaluation of teachers' teaching effectiveness and workload. Based on it, this essay suggests that teachers should acclimatize online education pattern in active adaptation, enhancing self-digital literacy and the ability of using relevant digital equipment. At the same time, some online teaching development platforms should improve relevant online supervision function, lower difficult level of using online education platform which convenience teachers' using and teaching.

Education is widely recognized as a fundamental driver of social mobility and economic development, yet persistent inequalities in access and quality remain a major challenge, particularly in developing countries. This paper examines the role of public policy in addressing educational inequities, with a focus on both access to schooling and learning outcomes. Using a literature review method, the study synthesizes findings from international research on the effectiveness of policy interventions such as conditional cash transfers, universal primary education programs, and digital learning initiatives. The paper finds that while many policies have succeeded in expanding enrollment, significant disparities continue to exist in terms of gender, socioeconomic background, and rural–urban divides. Moreover, policies that focus only on access without addressing quality often fail to produce long-term improvements in equity. The author concludes that comprehensive and context-specific policy measures are needed, combining financial support, curriculum reform, and teacher training. Overall, the study highlights the importance of targeted interventions and sustained investment in order to achieve more equitable educational opportunities.

The suspension of the WTO Appellate Body has triggered a crisis in multilateral trade governance, laying bare a structural conflict between state sovereignty and the rule of law in trade. The US has accused the judiciary of overreach, while China and the EU have condemned rule-breaking, leaving dispute resolution decisions in an enforcement vacuum. Through empirical analysis of three typical cases—violations of the DS140 zero-value rule, the failure to enforce DS397 rulings, and the misuse of provisions in the Turkish pharmaceutical case—this study reveals the paradox of "legal victory but trade failure" and explores how to rebuild judicial boundaries and address litigation inequities in developing countries. A three-pillar solution, namely, judicial authority definition, a dual-track time limit procedure, a reversal of the burden of proof, and a Global Trade Justice Fund, is proposed to resolve the conflict between sovereignty and the judiciary and provide a replicable model of institutional resilience for multilateral governance.

In the judicial field of death penalty application, the expression of public opinion often falls into a theoretical dilemma due to being accused of "emotionality" and "irrationality". Its tension with the principle of judicial independence is also regarded as the core crux inducing the risk of "trial by public opinion". Existing studies mostly attribute the public's support for the death penalty to deep-rooted retributive concepts or irrational obsession with punishment, but fail to explore its structural roots. Taking landmark death penalty cases in the Chinese context (such as the Liu Yong case and the Li Changkui case) as analytical samples, this paper attempts to reveal that the opinions expressed by the public on the death penalty are, in essence, an externalized and concrete reflection of the inadequacies in the rationality of the current institutional arrangements and judicial procedures. The study argues that we should go beyond simple moral judgments or emotional attribution of the superficial aspects of public opinion, and shift the focus of examination from disputes over specific judicial decisions to more fundamental political institutional frameworks and spaces for procedural justice. Through this path, the aim is to reconstruct the jurisprudential basis for the expression of public opinion—transforming it from an irrational product regarded as "emotional venting" to rational communication and institutional response based on "rights discourse", thereby providing a more constructive theoretical framework and practical approach for reconciling the tension between judicial independence and public concern.

The Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology is developing quickly and gaining applications in higher education (HE). Existing research on AI in HE is mainly focused on instructional strategies and learning outcomes, with little attention paid to motivation. However, motivation is essential in guiding teaching strategies and promoting learning outcomes. Further research is needed to understand AI's impact on motivation. This article aims to contribute to the existing literature by providing new insights and filling gaps in knowledge. Specifically, the six C's of motivation theory are adopted to guide the investigation. The global survey reports are utilized to analyze students' AI usage in HE and AI's impact on student motivation. The findings reveal that AI has been used in various cases in HE, and AI has dual impacts on student motivation in terms of control, challenge, choice, collaboration, constructing meaning, and consequences (six C's). In the future application of AI in HE, it is recommended that colleges and universities strengthen supervision and training of AI, and students should focus more on what they gain in the learning process rather than overemphasizing learning outcomes when using AI.

This study examines China's broad application of the national security exception governing cross-border data flows. We trace the development of the exception from being the "constructive ambiguity" in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Article XXI exception, to an exception subject to limited judicial review. By examining the distinctive Chinese legal framework on data flows enforced through its Cybersecurity Law, Data Security Law and Personal Information Protection Law (PIPL), we identify a Chinese legal concept of "data sovereignty." A case study of the Didi Chuxing cybersecurity review serves to illustrate how this state-centric regulation of data flows works in practice. In light of the EU's rights-centric and US's power-centric normative approach to data flows, China's legal safeguards for cross-border data flow reveal fundamental tensions in global data governance. We argue that, while internally coherent, the Chinese approach creates serious uncertainty for multinational firms, challenges global norms of international trade law and is a leading contributor to the phenomenon of "digital decoupling".