With the development of social media, it has become an essential platform for two-way communication between the public and organizations. However, the existing literature has mainly focused on the organization's one-way communication strategies for disseminating content. On the contrary, the "interaction" as a two-way communication process is not well explored. This study aims to explore the role of the interaction between the public and the organization on social media in terms of the intensity of the interaction and the quality of the interaction in shaping the perception of the transparency of the organization and, ultimately, the perception of the organization and the behavior of the public in the form of word-of-mouth communication and crisis resilience. The methodology employed in the present study is a mixed-methods approach, which includes content analysis to collect data, a questionnaire survey using the time-lagged approach, and, finally, data analysis using the structural equation model. The study shows that high-quality, high-intensity social media interactions function as a behavioral signal of organizational transparency, thereby enhancing perceived legitimacy and trust and increasing the spread of positive word-of-mouth and resistance intentions among the public in crisis. The results of the present study will help unveil the deeper value of interaction between the public and organizations on social media.

In recent years, the destinations of Chinese students returning from studying abroad have become a topic of much discussion. This article takes "waithood" as the core concept and discusses the new waiting state of Chinese students who have returned from studying abroad after completing their overseas education. Through the literature review, combined with the research on waithood, the identity of international students and the flow of social relationships, as well as the changes in the domestic job market, this article analyzes why international students enter this new type of waithood after returning to their home countries. Moreover, the article also explores the "self-rescue methods" of international students in response to this situation. They will transform waiting into a new lifestyle through means such as exam preparation, temporary employment, or the Internet. The paper finds that the waithood experienced by returning international students is not simply caused by personal confusion or personal failure, but is shaped by the gap between international mobility and actual social mobility. Contemporary young people are also encouraged to constantly improve themselves to adapt to this social trend.

After April 2024, the Iran-Israel conflict became an open multi-domain crisis featuring direct sovereign strikes, targeted diplomatic premises, and fused nuclear and energy security risks. Three structural failures sustain this rivalry, namely no regional security architecture, a verification vacuum eliminating the neutral factual baseline for bargaining, and selective Charter enforcement that erodes Council credibility. Drawing on UN Security Council records, IAEA safeguards reports, treaty texts, and open-source developments, the study traces the trajectory from the April 2024 Damascus strike through the June 2025 nuclear site campaigns to the ongoing maritime coercion near the Strait of Hormuz. It also reviews international responses, including Council firebreaks, IAEA safeguards dialogue, and regional mediation by Qatar, Egypt, and Oman. Diagnosing why these symptom-focused measures fall short, the study proposes a sequenced pathway consisting of a basic firewall prohibiting strikes on diplomatic premises, safeguarded nuclear sites, as well as civilians, a standing crisis management channel, and an incentive-linked framework that ties sanctions relief to verifiable nuclear and missile rollbacks.

The advent of generative artificial intelligence undeniably disrupts the traditional paradigms of intellectual property law. In this context, this paper examines the implications of AI-generated content for Australia's current intellectual property framework. Specifically, it analyzes the existing policy landscape and regulatory measures in Australia, including the issuance of strategic policy frameworks, court decisions denying patent eligibility for AI-generated inventions, and seminal rulings on data infringement. Furthermore, by comparing major international practices and assessing gaps in Australia's AI governance framework, it proposes several potential development pathways for Australia, guided by policy objectives and ethical considerations. Following a policy pathway review, a moderate reform approach better aligned with Australia's current circumstances was selected. This approach directly targets the most controversial issues, providing the most feasible and balanced direction for reform, in line with the requirements of Australia's artificial intelligence development and the needs of the public.

Machiavelli says in The Prince that rulers must "learn not to be good". It means that good government and moral behavior cannot always go together. This essay disagrees with that idea. It argues that Machiavelli treats morality as a tool to be used or discarded when needed. But this is not just practical thinking. It is a wrong understanding of how political power works. This essay uses text analysis and case studies. It also looks at ideas from Locke, Rawls and Aristotle, comparing them with views from Weber and Walzer on the "dirty hands" problem. There are three main points. First, morality is necessary for political legitimacy. For example, the cases of Syria and Denmark show that when morality breaks down, governance becomes unstable. Second, when rulers treat morality as a tool, they damage politics. They weaken social norms, reduce trust in institutions and create ongoing problems. Third, when this way of thinking is used in international politics, it harms cooperation between countries. In the end, the essay argues that good leadership does not mean ignoring morality. Instead, it means using moral judgment carefully and in a controlled way.

Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) is a vital part of cultural identity and historical memory. Yet traditional methods of passing it down face serious problems. These include an aging pool of inheritors and shrinking audiences. Meanwhile, new media platforms like short-video apps and social media offer fresh opportunities for spreading ICH. This study examines how new media influences ICH communication through a review of existing research and an analysis of real-world cases. The study focuses on three major platforms—Douyin, Bilibili, and WeChat. It analyzes two representative examples: the "Qiren Jiangxin" MCN agency and the micro-documentary series Learning ICH in Quanzhou. The findings show that new media helps ICH reach more people. It provides new ways to tell cultural stories and encourages audiences to get involved. However, challenges remain, such as cultural oversimplification, content homogenization, excessive commercialization, and unequal digital access. The study concludes that effective ICH communication must carefully navigate the tension between authenticity and innovation. It should maintain cultural roots while adopting modern forms of expression. This study offers a practical reference for integrating digital communication with traditional heritage protection.

This paper examines the 2015 European refugee crisis as a structural stress test of EU governance rather than a one-off humanitarian emergency. Triggered primarily by the Syrian civil war, the influx of over 1.2 million first-time asylum applicants in 2015 overwhelmed the EU's asylum architecture and exposed unresolved tensions between sovereignty and solidarity. The paper asks whether the failures revealed by the crisis merely reflect technical shortcomings or a deeper structural tension at the heart of European integration. Focusing on law, political science, and international relations, the analysis identifies three converging dimensions of governance dysfunction-the built-in pathology of the Dublin system, the East-West fracturing of solidarity, and the erosion of the Schengen regime-and critically assesses the 2024 New Pact on Migration and Asylum. It concludes that the Pact does not resolve the crisis's underlying tensions but institutionalizes them, leaving the EU more pragmatic in its instruments yet further diminished in its normative commitments.

The U.S. federal budget proposal for Fiscal Year 2027 marks a clear "military-first" shift: defense spending reaches $1.45 trillion, accounting for about 67% of discretionary outlays, while non-defense agencies such as the EPA, Education, and HHS face deep cuts. This paper examines the internal and external drivers of this shift, including strategic anxiety over China, inefficiencies in the defense industrial base, and domestic political demands. It argues that despite the rhetoric of "peace through strength," the budget exacerbates fiscal debt and social welfare erosion, potentially fueling political violence and international intervention risks. Rather than a simple military expansion, the proposal signals structural decline and strategic contraction of U.S. hegemony.

Environmental degradation resulting from corporate violations constitutes a significant negative externality that market mechanisms often fail to correct effectively. This paper utilizes a law and economics methodology to analyze the efficiency of penalty structures imposed on enterprises violating environmental regulations. Employing the Becker model of crime and punishment, the study evaluates the deterrence effects of administrative fines versus civil liabilities. The central research question addresses how penalty magnitudes should be calibrated to achieve optimal social welfare while minimizing enforcement costs. The findings reveal that current regimes often suffer from under-deterrence due to low detection probabilities and fines that fail to internalize the full social costs of environmental harm. Specifically, when the probability of detection is low, the penalty must be significantly higher to ensure the expected cost of violation exceeds the cost of compliance. However, statutory caps on fines and the limited assets of firms often prevent reaching this threshold. Furthermore, the analysis highlights that without dynamic adjustment mechanisms, penalties quickly become obsolete in the face of inflation and rising corporate revenues. The conclusion proposes an emphasis on dynamic adjustment mechanisms for ensuring compliance and economic efficiency. These mechanisms should index penalties to corporate revenue and the severity of ecological damage, rather than relying on fixed statutory amounts. Additionally, the paper recommends a hybrid enforcement strategy combining high-certainty administrative fines for minor violations with severe civil liabilities for major harms to close the existing deterrence gap.

The assumption of risk rule, as an important defense in tort liability, was first explicitly stipulated in Article 1176 of the Civil Code. However, this provision limits the application scope of the rule to "sports and cultural activities" and restricts the types of risks to the inherent objective risks of such activities, which is difficult to effectively meet the increasingly diverse demands of judicial practice. The assumption of risk rule is an independent exemption ground established based on specific legal policy considerations, aiming to promote the legitimate conduct of risk activities with social value, safeguard the freedom of individuals to participate in such activities, and on this basis, rationally allocate the risk of damage among the participants. Therefore, the application scope of the assumption of risk rule should not be mechanically confined to the literal meaning of "sports and cultural activities", but should be extended to other activity fields with inherent risk characteristics through methods such as purposeful interpretation and analogical application; at the same time, the types of risks covered by the rule should not be limited to objective risks. Under the premise of meeting the element of informed consent, subjective risks should also be included in the application scope to achieve the normative purpose of promoting behavioral freedom and rationally allocating the risk of damage compensation.