This paper will review the practicality, need and difficulty of introducing the crime of Ecocide in the Rome Statute of the international criminal court (ICC). Continuing the definition of legal practices suggested by the Independent Expert Panel (2021) and relying on the recent scholarly discussion, the proposed study critically examines the key features, legal aspects, and suggestion of the possible location of Ecocide in the system of international criminal law. It suggests an actual, multi-staged, multi-pronged action plan of developing Ecocide legal recognition, the argument being that its incorporation is both a vital expansion of international environmental law but a pressing necessity to global ecological justice. The suggested course of action consists of three actions running parallel: development of an international statute, Ecocide Convention, and development of regional statutes, Ecocide. This is a multi-track route, a combination of ambition and pragmatism, with the goal of achieving consensus, developing the necessary legal and institutional capacity and creating complementary normative schemes that may ultimately be unified to transform the Ecocide as a fundamental international crime.

This study examines how social news containing information regarding bullying severity and bullying type involving left-behind children influence bystander willingness to share such news on social media. We designed a manipulation online experiment (severity: mild vs. severe;type: physical, relational, cyber, status bullying). The results showed that severity had a significant positive impact on sharing willingness: across all bullying types, participants were more willing to share when the event was described as severe than when it was described as mild. Small overall differences in sharing willingness also existed between different bullying types, with status bullying and cyberbullying being more likely to elicit sharing willingness than relational bullying. The interaction between severity and type was not significant. These findings suggest that sensed severity is an important cue influencing sharing willingness, while type-related cues have a smaller and more stable impact on differences independent of severity. This study provides experimental evidence in bullying news contexts involving vulnerable groups, enriching previous research on social media news sharing. It offers practical implications for risk-sensitive platform management and early reporting guidance.

The introduction of artificial intelligence learning tools in educational environments highlights a noticeable gap between expected goals and actual impacts on student learning. This paper conducts a comprehensive analysis of 28 peer-reviewed studies published between 2018 and 2024, supplemented by direct classroom observations. Notably, the effectiveness of such tools appears to be more closely linked to how they are integrated into teaching practices rather than their technological complexity. Research findings suggest that AI tools are most beneficial when they are used to stimulate idea generation rather than simply providing solutions. This approach has been shown to enhance knowledge retention and transfer. Based on these findings, we propose three evidence-based recommendations for the effective integration of AI tools in educational settings: first, AI technologies should be designed to support and enhance student cognition rather than replace it; second, critical evaluation of AI should be integrated into formal curricula to encourage students to develop a deeper understanding of how these tools work; and third, policies should be implemented to ensure that all students have equal access to AI technologies, regardless of their socioeconomic background. By aligning the use of AI tools with the cognitive development goals of education, it is believed that schools and educators can achieve more meaningful and equitable outcomes for all students.

The adoption of Online Learning Platforms (OLPs) was accelerated by the Covid pandemic, becoming the norm for most schools in California. It was a critical opportunity to redistribute education resources and to tackle entrenched inequities. This study assesses the effectiveness of these platforms in reducing the educational achievement gap in California K-12 education. This paper starts by analyzing the current situation of achievement differences across race and socioeconomic status in the period after the pandemic. That is followed by a critical review of the three main components of the OLP: Resource Accessibility, Personalized Learning and Teaching Support while integrating pertinent concerns like cultural capital and algorithmic bias. The findings show that although the structural potential of OLPs to deliver adaptive and universal content is huge, their efficacy is strictly conditional. For instance, there is a need for strategic policy interventions to eliminate the digital divide as well as sophisticated 'high touch' pedagogical models in schools. Without these reforms, the OLPs will just be automated channels through which preexisting systemic inequalities are reproduced and inequality is not truly achieving the goal of digital equity.

The concept of international criminal law has developed rapidly. The emergence of relevant institutions-from the ad hoc tribunals of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) to the permanent International Criminal Court (ICC)-has enhanced governance measures to address transnational atrocities, but it has also led to fragmentation characterized by normative conflicts, functional overlaps and enforcement gaps. With globalization, the disintegration of the international criminal law undermines the global governance. This paper examines particular expressions of fragmentation at rule, institutional, jurisdiction, and implementation levelsand evaluates the adverse effects of fragmentation on enforcement effectiveness, coordinated governance and international fairness. In this paper, the comparative research approach is adopted to prove such issues as treatsy-based discrepancies in crime definitions, judicial inconsistencies due to inconsistent enforcement of soft and hard law, selective prosecution due to jurisdictional conflicts and accountability gaps in new fields of cybercrime and AI-driven offenses. To control these concerns, the proposals comprise developing the bodies of authority to interpret the soft law, quickening the process of the soft law being converted to hard law by instituting regional pilot programs, the adoption of the tiered jurisdiction system, homogenizing evidence, and introducing the global level of training. The goals of these strategies are to overcome interpretative disagreements, increase cooperation internationally, revitalize judicial fairness and promote equity of international criminal law.

This article investigates how rural migrant children in China have a stagnated upward social mobility compared to their urban peers on account of the cross-dimensional educational obstacles in mainly three aspects: institutional policies, harsh family conditions, and social stereotypes. The author will first unfold and analyze the current issue based on the previous research. Subsequently, this study will dive deeper into this topic by looking at several consequences of these educational deficits to diagnose the underlying issues and address the outcomes. Building on top of all the established information, this research aims to provide workable and sustainable one-to-one solutions that can help to close the educational gap from all aspects in order to enable all the children to have the chance to obtain a higher social status and a better standard of living for themselves and the their descendants; furthermore, it strives to boost the country's economy by empowering the human capital in the long run.

The modern social media marketing practice is no longer based on linear value propagation but rather based on a cyclical improvement system, which focuses on the collaborative value creation and information-based loop. The study centers around four fundamental dimensions, which are value positioning as per the user psychological requirements, value transmission as per the platform-specific features, recreational interaction which enables user co-creation and iterative optimization in view of the multi-dimensional data analytics. The study confirms that good social media marketing goes beyond one-way marketing. It builds a dynamic ecosystem instead, through finding user motivation to establish value propositions, tailoring content across different platforms (ex: Xiaohongshu, Douyin, WeChat), encouraging different levels of user engagement (including passive viewing up to intensive collaboration), and optimizing strategies based on metrics such as visibility, interaction, conversion, and retention. Empirical evidence indicates that brands that take this cyclical approach record impressive gains in customer-brand relationships, purchase intent and loyalty. With the introduction of the emerging technologies of Artificial Intelligence and the metaverse into the social media sphere, the essence of user experience prioritization, platform dynamics adaptation, and data-driven iteration will be essential. This paper can serve as a source of theoretical literature and practical issues which can be utilized by brands to overcome the digital arena and establish compatible relationships with consumers in the social media age.

Since the addition of the crime of assisting in the commission of information network criminal activity to the Criminal Law in the 2015 Amendment IX. This offense has continuously increased in judicial application due to its alignment with comprehensive governance demands for cybercrime. It has become the number one or two most prosecuted crimes in China. ''Knowing'' is the essential core of this crime, which is the distinction line between bearing criminal responsibility and not bearing criminal responsibility, as well as the demarcation line for defining a person’s criminal liability. However, because of its covert and chain-like characteristics, it often makes it hard to get some direct evidence for the crime of ''knowing'', judicial proceedings have begun to see more problems with words slipping down, lower standards, more generalized presumptions, and lack of reasons. This paper systematically studies practical problems and underlying causes when determining ''knowing'' for aiding and abetting crimes by using the logical method of ''problem identification-root cause analysis-solution construction'' It proposes solutions including establishing a scientific determination system, standardizing presumption applications, refining comprehensive assessment criteria, and strengthening policy and case guidance. These aim to provide theoretical support for judicial practice, achieving a balance between precision in combating cybercrime and the principle of restraint in criminal law.

Against the backdrop of profound restructuring of global value chains (GVCs) and post-industrial transformation, educational involution has evolved from a phenomenon confined to a single country into a shared structural dilemma for developing countries worldwide. Its core contradiction lies in the asynchronous imbalance between the intensity of educational competition and the level of economic development. This study constructs a three-tiered "push-squeeze-pressure" model: Low-end global division of labor forces countries to prioritize industrial investment, squeezing out spending on people's livelihoods and creating governance risks (push); inadequate social security and the concentration of educational resources lead to the transfer of risks to society, with education becoming a risk-hedging tool (squeeze); under survival pressure, families view educational investment as defensive savings, driving excessive competition and involution (pressure) . The study reveals that the root cause of educational involution lies in the interaction of global structural constraints, national governance strategies, and the alienation of social functions, rather than a single cultural or institutional factor. This finding breaks the myth that "educational problems can be solved through education," providing a new framework for interdisciplinary understanding of educational competition and helping to break the policy dilemma of "ineffective burden reduction."

In the information age, the problem of online verbal violence among minors in schools is severe so that the need for effective governance solutions is urgent. Following the logical sequence of "problem identification – cause analysis – path construction", this paper adopts methods such as literature review, comparative analysis, and interdisciplinary integration to explore the issue. Considering the single-path governance approach and drawing on the collaborative governance ideas of relevant countries in recent years, a regulated strategy is proposed. Firstly, by clearly defining the requirements in systematic legislation, it can facilitate judicial practice. Then, relying on the coercive power of the law, on the one hand, it promotes the comprehensive implementation of digital literacy education, guiding minors to form healthy online ethical concepts,on the other hand, it provides institutional space for technological governance measures, defining their usage boundaries to prevent abuse. By using the gentle influence of education and the efficiency of technology to make up for the mechanical and detached nature of laws when dealing with such issues. This closed-loop framework aims to systematically address the issue of online verbal violence against minors through diversified cooperation, providing a feasible approach for its long-term prevention and control.