This paper explores the pivotal role of the "Common but Differentiated Responsibilities" principle in global climate governance, examining its historical evolution, scientific basis, practical dilemmas, and China's response strategies. Since its formal establishment in the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), this principle has served as the cornerstone of global climate governance . It acknowledges the shared responsibility of all nations in addressing climate change while fully recognizing the differences between developed and developing countries in historical emissions, development stages, and capabilities . However, in recent years, this principle has confronted numerous challenges. Some developed countries have attempted to obscure or distort it to evade responsibility, such as failing to deliver on mitigation actions and unfulfilled climate finance commitments. China has consistently upheld and implemented this principle, actively fulfilling its emission reduction obligations. It has proposed the "carbon peak and carbon neutrality" goals, promoted energy transition and green development, and contributed Chinese wisdom to advancing global climate governance. This paper analyzes the principle's essence, scientific basis, and international practices, emphasizing its importance for fairness and sustainable development, while outlining future pathways to strengthen it. Research indicates that upholding the CBDR principle is crucial for addressing climate change, requiring enhanced international cooperation, financial mechanisms, and capacity building.

In recent years, growing attention has been paid to the risk of neurodegenerative diseases triggered by frequent head impacts sustained by professional athletes during long-term training and competitions. Such diseases include dementia, Parkinson's disease and chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), and their onset is closely associated with repetitive concussions and subclinical head impacts. Current research indicates that head impacts can induce common pathological mechanisms such as chronic neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction and abnormal protein deposition, thereby accelerating the neurodegenerative process. However, many issues remain unsolved in this field, such as undefined safe cumulative impact threshold, unclear genetic and metabolic basis for individual susceptibility differences, and uncertainty over reversibility of early injuries. In addition, existing protective strategies and screening methods still lack sufficient evidence support. Future studies need to rely on large-sample long-term follow-ups, biomarkers and neuroimaging technologies to further clarify the dose-effect relationship among sport types, on-field positions and cumulative impact exposure, and provide evidence for formulating targeted protective measures. This paper reviews pathological mechanisms, clinical manifestations and risk factors of different neurodegenerative diseases, as well as preventive and interventional strategies, and systematically elaborates on the association and underlying mechanisms between head injuries and neurodegenerative diseases in professional sports.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is not only characterised by cognitive decline, but the behavioural and psychological symptoms (BPSD) it induces are equally prevalent, with almost all patients experiencing one or two symptoms, including hallucinations, delusions, depression and anxiety. This has had a significant negative impact on patients' quality of life, carer burden, and clinical outcomes. This review synthesises clinical, neuropsychological and neurobiological findings to explore the main BPSD types and pathological features of AD from a neuroscientific perspective. It also summarises their common and symptom-specific mechanisms based on past studies. The results suggest that the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of these symptoms usually involve complex brain structural changes and alterations in neurotransmitter systems, at the same time, interact with each other. The nature and pathological features of BPSDs will, in turn, provide meaningful information about the underlying neurodegenerative pathological mechanisms, such as AD. Therefore, its importance as a potential diagnostic and therapeutic target should be given greater attention. In addition to this, based on several non-pharmacological therapies that are quite encouraging, this paper explores the clinical and nursing implications.

In recent years, deepfake technology has been widely used in the generation and replacement of information such as images, audio and video due to its high fidelity, low threshold and easy dissemination. However, the abuse of this technology may pose serious threats to individual rights, social order, and national security. At present, the legal regulations in China regarding deepfake technology are still not perfect. There are problems such as inconsistent standards of identification, low deterrent power of punishment, a fragmented legal system, and difficulties in evidence determination. By comparing the regulatory experiences of regions like the EU, the UK, and the US, it is found that they have different focuses in risk prevention and industry self-discipline, which provide useful references for China. Therefore, by learning from international experience and combining with China's actual national conditions, this paper proposes that China should make more efforts in improving legislation, increasing punishment provisions, and stipulating the responsibilities and obligations of platforms or service providers, and build a more systematic and effective legal regulation system to deal with the multiple challenges brought by deepfake technology, and promote the coordinated development of technology governance and legal liability.

Robert Schumann was a 19th-century German composer and music critic. "Pattern Op.18 "is a piano solo piece created by Schumann in 1839, which is closely related to Schumann's emotional life. 1839 was the year before Schumann’s marriage to Clara Wick, and at this stage, and he was in a period of high creative enthusiasm, with the piano becoming his primary medium for emotional expression. This article discusses the study of Schumann's "Pattern Op.18" in three parts: firstly, an introduction to Schumann and the creative background of "Pattern Op.18"; secondly, an analysis of the melodic features of the work; and thirdly, a specific manifestation of the work's fantasy. By reviewing relevant academic literature and analyzing musical examples from both domestic and international sources, Schumann's expression of light and lively sweet longing, gentle and deep emotional expression, strong emotional tension, and hazy and distant beautiful imagination in his performance, as well as the melancholic and contemplative tone, imaginative and poetic flow, gentle and warm moments, and the unity of technique and emotion in his creation, are obtained. It is hoped that this can inspire performers to find suitable performance methods.

In the context of global business operations, it has become a common practice for parent companies to manage overseas activities through their subsidiaries. Industries such as energy and financial services, due to their particular features, are more likely to be involved in overseas atrocities including human rights violations. Using the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court relevant court decisions and United Nations conventions as the main analytical framework, this paper examines how parent companies might face criminal liability through case studies. It explains the conditions and practical limitations of different liability pathways such as derivative responsibility, joint criminal enterprise liability, and command responsibility. Building on this information, the paper suggests concrete institutional recommendations from three aspects: improving international legal norms, enhancing domestic law adjustments, and strengthening internal company governance. Specific suggestions include making rules clearer about corporate legal responsibility, improving how international standards become part of domestic law, and legally requiring compliance duties. These proposals aim to provide theoretical support and practical solutions for addressing the accountability gap concerning parent companies' overseas operations.

The approach of traditional studies to female art is often unconsciously dominated by essentialist, falling into the task of equating female expression with subtlety, introversion and a non-dramatic climax and is in opposition to the so-called male grand narrative. Although the idea underlying such a binary division is a contrast of the genders, it might end up mirroring the gender stereotypes and could tend to assume what women can create and what cannot. A good case to consider this model is the art song Lorelei of Clara Schumann. Looking into the eyes of the demoness, Heine, Clara manages to balance thin psychological description and dramatic tension with the musical terminology. In this article, the author attempts to transcend the stylistic residue dichotomy of reserved or dramatic in order to understand the way Clara, through musical language in Lorelei, enacted an undefined expression of the female subject. It does not only mirror the active participation of female composers in the discourse space within the gender context of the 19th century, but also indicates the possibility of many openings regarding the expression of the female subject, which is seemingly not restricted to one of the aesthetic paradigms.

This study aims to explore the relationship between the symptoms of anxiety and depression and attention mechanisms in Chinese college students. This study employed a combined approach of questionnaires and experiments to test 30 Chinese university students. The questionnaires utilized the Chinese version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) and the Chinese version of the Attention Control Scale (ACS). The laboratory task was a computer-based key-press task, which included a dot-detection task, a classic Stroop task, and two emotion-specific Stroop tasks. The questionnaire results showed a positive link between anxiety/depression levels and attention shifting ability (r = 0.756, p < 0.001). This means people who reported higher emotional symptoms also felt their attention was more easily distracted. Analysis of laboratory experiment results found no significant group differences between participants with high and low symptoms. This was true for both attention bias scores in the dot-detection task and for interference effects in the classic Stroop task. However, the emotional Stroop task results were different. Low-symptom participants responded faster to negative words, while high-symptom participants showed the opposite pattern. This study suggests that the relationship between emotional symptoms and cognitive function may be first and most significantly reflected in the subjective perception and evaluation of the individual’s own cognitive ability, while overt behavioral responses need to be further studied.

This paper examines how women’s faith-based peacebuilding efforts can inform economic policy in postwar Bosnia and Herzegovina. Using qualitative analysis of secondary case material, it reconstructs the experiences of women’s religious networks across regions with different levels of institutional capacity and donor presence. The study shows that women’s faith-based organizations have functioned not only as moral or humanitarian actors but also as forms of informal governance that shape trust formation, resource coordination, and policy uptake. In donor-intensive urban areas, women’s groups acted as intermediaries between communities, external agencies, and local authorities, legitimizing development initiatives through moral authority. In rural and donor-scarce regions, they operated more autonomously, organizing informal welfare systems and livelihood strategies grounded in reciprocity and local norms. Across these contexts, trust-building practices—such as dialogue, ethical framing, and collective organization—created the social infrastructure necessary for economic participation. The findings suggest that post-conflict economic reform cannot rely solely on technical design or market liberalization, but must engage with locally embedded actors who rebuild trust and legitimacy. Recognizing women’s faith-based networks as partners in economic governance can lead to more inclusive, participatory, and socially grounded approaches to postwar recovery.

The issue of universal jurisdiction continues to be one of the most disputed doctrines in international criminal law, and to be sure, this is mostly based on its clash with the sovereignty principle of states. On the one hand, this jurisdiction aims at no impunity for serious international crimes; on the other, one of the problems it faces is the overreach of jurisdiction. The research looks into where and to what extent the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC) is able to reconcile universal jurisdiction and state sovereignty. By means of three principal conflict dimensions (jurisdictional, legislative, and practical issues), the paper examines the degree to which these tensions are revealed both in theoretical approaches and the real world. Through an analysis of legal doctrine and key case studies, the study concludes that the Rome Statute does not technically introduce universal jurisdiction. It produces, however, an almost equivalent functional effect via the complementarity mechanism, granting the ICC power to act only when national courts are not prepared or competent to execute authentic prosecutions. This mechanism is implemented through the admissibility assessments in Articles 17–19, which determine the genuineness and consequently the meaning of the domestic trials, and also the Pre-Trial Chamber oversight that ensures the respect of state authority in the prosecutorial decisions. Furthermore, the complementarity is supported by procedural safeguards. All the safeguards demonstrate that the ICC operates as a cooperative partner rather than a opposition to the national courts. However, the existence of enforcement gaps, inconsistent state cooperation, and political interference continues to hinder the process.