Populism is receiving growing attention in the political landscape of many countries around the world. Since the 2016 U.S. presidential election, populism has evolved from a fringe ideology into a central force reshaping American domestic politics and international behavior. As Donald Trump returned to power in 2024, his diplomatic shift has significantly reshaped the global political landscape. Meanwhile, international political behavior is not driven by a single external threat but rather by the complex interplay between external structural pressures and domestic political dynamics. Therefore, the paper explores the rise and spillover effects of American populism from a two-level game perspective, tracing the root causes of Trump’s return to victory and diplomatic approach. It argues that the populist resurgence narrows the domestic win-set available to U.S. leaders, constraining foreign-policy bargaining and pushing it toward unilateralism, transactional diplomacy, and the erosion of multilateral norms. The analysis integrates domestic drivers, including economic inequality, political polarization, and cultural anxiety, with international consequences, which encompass weakened alliances, global populist diffusion, and democratic regression. Findings reveal how populism operates simultaneously as a domestic mobilization strategy and an international negotiating constraint. Ultimately, the insight contributes to a deeper understanding of how populist pressures transform the logic of two-level games, seeking to offer important implications for the dynamics of policy decision-making and the international actors’ role in the international order.

In this study, 86 Chinese pre-service English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers’ teacher identities and artificial intelligence (AI) literacy are examined. It evaluated three facets of teacher identity (self-efficacy, beliefs, and career perception) and four facets of AI literacy (perception, knowledge and skills, application and innovation, and ethics) using validated scales. Overall, descriptive findings showed high levels in all dimensions. AI Application and Innovation had the highest scores among AI literacy factors, followed by AI Perception and AI Ethics. In terms of teacher identity, Career Perception came in first. Correlation analyses showed that while general attitudes toward AI had little effect, knowledge of AI, creative application, and ethical awareness were positively correlated with important aspects of teacher identity. The findings highlight the necessity of integrating practical, reflective AI into teacher education programs and the significance of ethical engagement and practical competence in forming professional identity during teacher preparation.

Since the end of the Cold War, Transatlantic relations have continuously evolved amidst the tension between "ally dependence" and "strategic autonomy." The emergence of European skepticism toward the U.S. and its transformation into political backlash have become key clues to understanding this process. This paper constructs a progressive transmission analysis model comprising four links: Structure – Emotion – Discourse – Policy (the SEDP model), to systematically explain the dynamic mechanism through which European skepticism toward the U.S. accumulates and translates into policy practice in the post-Cold War era. The study finds that structural pressure, through the interaction between elites and the public, and via emotional accumulation and discursive resonance, ultimately drives the formation of countervailing policies. Using typical cases such as France's Cultural Exception policy, the Iraq War, the Snowden incident, and EU defense autonomization as empirical evidence, this paper reveals the theoretical advantages of the SEDP model in explaining the evolution of Transatlantic relations. The research further suggests that future Transatlantic relations may develop along two paths: "Deepening Strategic Autonomy" and "Reconfiguration towards Multipolar Balance." Meanwhile, China needs to respond to the challenges posed by the EU's "de-risking" policy through institutional cooperation and "Third Space Diplomacy," thereby constructing an inclusive international cooperation ecosystem.

With the in-depth implementation of the "Belt and Road" Initiative (BRI) in Central Asia, assessing its comprehensive impact on the region holds significant practical significance. Based on the five-pronged connectivity framework under the BRI, this paper explores the multi-dimensional effects of the initiative on regional stability. Currently, although the resilience of cooperation between Central Asia and China has been significantly enhanced, the region faces severe challenges such as geopolitical games and trust deficits. It is necessary to explore high-quality development paths, accelerate the shift towards high-quality cooperation, and promote the high-quality development of the BRI to consolidate the stable political, economic, and social environment in Central Asia.

The construction of trustworthy network identity is a common pursuit of various technological powers in the world, which is specifically manifested as the "Internet ID Project" in China. With the official introduction of the "Public Service Management Measures of National Network Identity Authentication (Draft)", a series of specific regulations that still need to be elaborated. ID accounts and online ID certificates have caused certain misunderstandings among the public, leading to panic. This article provides a detailed explanation of the legal basis of the "Internet ID Project" and a detailed interpretation of the draft, specifically analyzing the current heated controversies surrounding the "Internet ID Project". It is concluded that the "Internet ID Project" does not have the so-called difficulty to implement supervision, pseudo voluntary principles, and information disclosure risks, but rather may have issues such as whether the Internet ID belongs to personal information. In terms of value judgement, the implementation of the "Internet ID Project" has more pros than cons, and should be strictly implemented in accordance with the prescribed framework in the future. The "Internet ID Project" is not only an important measure to develop rule of law in the Internet but also an effective attempt to ensure national security from the safety of citizens.

The "Digital China" strategy is a crucial engine for advancing Chinese-style modernization in the digital era and a strong support for building new competitive advantages for the nation. Against this backdrop, China has given birth to digital jurisprudence as an emerging interdisciplinary field. By analyzing the necessity and rationality of the development of digital jurisprudence in China, it is argued that to promote its growth, we must adhere to the value guidance of the digital rule of law concept in Xi Jinping's thought on the rule of law, the principle of people-oriented subjectivity, and the fundamental principle of organically combining autonomy with openness. On this basis, emphasis should be placed on foundational theoretical research in digital jurisprudence, coordinated application across legislative and judicial levels, and the establishment of a teaching system for digital jurisprudence in curriculum experiments, thereby providing a path for the development of digital jurisprudence in China.