With the rapid development of artificial intelligence technology in the field of medical diagnosis and treatment, the legal protection of patients' right to know is facing new opportunities and challenges. However, under the traditional medical model, patients' understanding of the right to know is limited to the clinician's obligation to inform, and it is difficult to adapt to the new diagnosis and treatment model with highly opaque algorithm decision-making and diversified responsible subjects. In artificial intelligence diagnosis and treatment, patients' right to know should be extended to knowledge of data sources, algorithm logic, differences in man-machine judgment and other dimensions. However, in practice, they face dilemmas such as algorithm black boxes, ownership of rights and responsibilities, and professional barriers. In this regard, it is necessary to establish a hierarchical disclosure system for diagnosis and treatment algorithm information, clarify the rules for dividing the notification obligations of developers, institutions and doctors, and improve the right relief mechanism of patients' right to know.

This literature review examines the evolution of ownership as a central concept in moral, political, and economic thought, tracing debates from classical antiquity to the digital age. It situates the discussion within the broader questions of justice and social order, focusing on the precarious balance between collective responsibility and individual autonomy. As we draw upon comparative historical-philosophical approach, the review analyses primary texts by various philosophers of the times, alongside socio-economic and technological developments. It spans from classical philosophers to medieval theologians, to early modern liberals to industrial and socialist theorists, and finally, to contemporary scholars. The analysis stresses the recurring patterns in which ownership is reinterpreted in response to economic/industrial development economic transformations, and the ever evolving moral reflection of the times. Classical and medieval frameworks emphasised moral stewardship and civic virtue. Early modern thought introduced property as a natural and political right. Industrial and socialist theories shifted focus toward ownership as a social relation structuring the new concept of class and the perpetuating inequality between them. Contemporary debates over digital property and knowledge commons illustrate the ongoing negotiation between ethical responsibility and once again, right to property. This review concludes that ownership is not a fixed economic institution but a dynamic lens through which societies evolve its various ethical principles, contemporary governance structures and other related societal priorities. Recognising ownership as a spectrum rather than a binary concept offers critical insights for understanding the interplay of liberty, justice, and collective well-being across historical and contemporary contexts.

The era of generative artificial intelligence has brought numerous challenges to the criminal regulation of copyright infringement crimes. To address these core controversies, a "forward-looking yet limited" criminal regulation system should be constructed. At the prepositive law level, it is necessary to limitedly recognize the work attribute of the generated content, the fact of artificial intelligence creation, and clearly deny the legal subject qualification of artificial intelligence, laying the foundation for criminal liability imputation. A "staged and typed imputation model" should be established: in the research and development stage, the principle of technological neutrality should be applied in principle, and only acts of intentionally manufacturing infringing tools should be held accountable as exceptions; in the use stage, the focus should be on regulating users with subjective malicious intent who meet the crime quantity standards. It is emphasized that for criminalization, the act must not only comply with the constitutive elements of criminal law but also cause substantial infringement of legal interests, and strictly adhere to the standards of amount and circumstances, thereby achieving a prudent balance between protecting legal interests and encouraging innovation.

In this paper, Junhao Lian elaborates and provides explanations for compliance with international law and how economic power can enforce it. It separates the question into three hypotheses: Economic Sanctions, Foreign Aid, and trade benefits, and thoroughly explains them, and gives an effective recommendation, followed by a conclusion. It goes into depth on three separate case studies: the South African Apartheid which is used to explain economic sanctions, the African Growth and Opportunity Act which explains trade benefits, and the development of Eastern Europe, which explains foreign aid. Alas, this paper suggests that economic power should be used instead of the military, but it is vastly impossible to disengage from any military conflicts.

With the acceleration of China's population aging and shifts in family structures, the traditional guardianship system based on family blood ties increasingly reveals its limitations in addressing diverse elderly care needs. The system of designated guardianship, gradually established since the enactment of the Law on the Protection of the Rights and Interests of the Elderly, represents a significant innovation in guardianship arrangements. It fully respects the personal wishes of the ward, reflecting new legislative trends and shifts in social ethics, and propels China's adult guardianship system from family representation toward individual self-determination. This paper traces the legislative evolution of the designated guardianship system in China, examines the development of guardianship for “incapacitated persons” from the late Qing Dynasty to the Republican era, and integrates John Eekelaar's analysis of the core principles of modern family law. By exploring the continuity and transformation within the guardianship system, it aims to elucidate the underlying ethical progress and legal innovation reflected in these changes.

This paper reviews the current development and application of AI-powered mental health chatbots, focusing on their potential to support individuals experiencing anxiety and depression. Through an in-depth literature review and comparison of nine available tools, Woebot and Wysa emerged as the most widely used and cited in the academic and clinical domains. Both platforms are built on cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) principles and demonstrate evidence of reducing depressive symptoms in controlled trials. The paper examines their key technical features, evaluates their adherence to the mHcode framework, and analyzes both shared and unique design elements. Despite their promise, these systems face substantial technical, ethical, and social challenges—including algorithmic hallucinations, data privacy concerns, and limited cultural or linguistic inclusivity. The discussion also highlights emerging issues such as the generation of hazardous content and sycophantic behavior due to current training paradigms. Future directions emphasize the need for improved factual accuracy, stronger content moderation, multilingual capabilities, and increased human oversight. While AI chatbots show potential as accessible mental health tools, their limitations must be addressed before they can be considered reliable substitutes for professional psychological care.

This study examines the impact of globalization on the educational disparity in China, focusing on how the flow of capital, talent, and technology has contributed to the differences between the eastern coastal areas and the central and western inland regions. It further sorts out the practical difficulties encountered in narrowing this gap. Recent research shows that regional inequality in China follows a clear "coastal–inland gradient." When considering hard metrics-such as educational funding, ultimate educational achievements, the share of highly educated individuals, and the average years of schooling per person-coastal regions clearly outperform inland areas in multiple aspects.Furthermore, globalization exacerbates such imbalance by driving resource agglomeration. This process in turn generates a “siphon effect,” where outstanding teachers and students move toward coastal areas, impairing educational development in lagging inland regions.Besides, the interaction between globalization and domestic institutions, including the household registration system and fiscal decentralization, further exacerbates the disparity. In contrast, policies such as fiscal transfer payments have a restricted impact in offsetting these external forces. This study advances the discussion on globalization and educational inequality, highlights policy measures for narrowing regional disparities, and extends its relevance to the experience of other developing nations.

The legitimacy dilemma of data asset pledge financing stems from the contradiction between the inherent characteristics of data rights themselves and traditional security interest theory. There exists a fundamental contradiction between the non-excludability and replicability of data as an intangible asset and the specificity and exclusivity required by security interests in property rights. This requires breaking through the perspective of rights integrity and adopting a path of rights decomposition, viewing the bundle of data rights as a separable set of sub-rights, namely: data resource holding rights, processing and use rights, and product operation rights. The data processing and use rights, due to their direct control and benefit capacity over data value, can be analogized as a new type of property usufruct right based on the usufruct principle of Article 323 of the Civil Code, thus satisfying the object requirements of security interests in property. Through registration and publicity mechanisms, such as blockchain evidence preservation technology, precise description and boundary fixation of sub-rights can be achieved, realizing the specification of rights and conforming to the principle of specificity of property right objects under Article 114 of the Civil Code. Accordingly, data sub-rights can be incorporated into "other property rights that may be pledged as stipulated by laws and administrative regulations" as provided in Article 440 of the Civil Code, thereby demonstrating the pledge eligibility of data sub-rights.

Global human rights governance is confronted with multiple challenges such as political polarization, economic sanctions, and trust crises, and the deficit problem is not optimistic. Existing theories mostly attribute the predicament of global human rights governance to resource scarcity and uneven distribution, further deducing that human rights standards vary with national conditions. However, the resources required to promote the realization of human rights through governance are not merely an issue of resource development, but also involve how resource endowments can facilitate the maximum realization of human rights through various rights chains. Amartya Sen’s exchange entitlement theory holds that the fundamental causes of poverty and famine lie in the lack and imbalance of exchange entitlements. By extension, the deep implication and underlying logic of the global human rights governance deficit is the "exchange entitlement deficit," which is specifically manifested in the imbalance of exchange mechanisms for political rights and interests, economic resources, and social opportunities, as well as the insufficient supply of international human rights system public goods in terms of "transparency guarantees" and "protective security." To address the deficit dilemma in global human rights governance, we should improve the exchange entitlement mechanism for human rights in the international arena, ensure that citizens' political rights and economic, social, and cultural rights are protected by institutions, reduce the transaction costs and information costs for people to realize their human rights, and truly establish the belief in human rights in the international community.

Populism is receiving growing attention in the political landscape of many countries around the world. Since the 2016 U.S. presidential election, populism has evolved from a fringe ideology into a central force reshaping American domestic politics and international behavior. As Donald Trump returned to power in 2024, his diplomatic shift has significantly reshaped the global political landscape. Meanwhile, international political behavior is not driven by a single external threat but rather by the complex interplay between external structural pressures and domestic political dynamics. Therefore, the paper explores the rise and spillover effects of American populism from a two-level game perspective, tracing the root causes of Trump’s return to victory and diplomatic approach. It argues that the populist resurgence narrows the domestic win-set available to U.S. leaders, constraining foreign-policy bargaining and pushing it toward unilateralism, transactional diplomacy, and the erosion of multilateral norms. The analysis integrates domestic drivers, including economic inequality, political polarization, and cultural anxiety, with international consequences, which encompass weakened alliances, global populist diffusion, and democratic regression. Findings reveal how populism operates simultaneously as a domestic mobilization strategy and an international negotiating constraint. Ultimately, the insight contributes to a deeper understanding of how populist pressures transform the logic of two-level games, seeking to offer important implications for the dynamics of policy decision-making and the international actors’ role in the international order.