This paper examines China’s legislative omission of explicit statutory recognition for arbitral tribunals’ competence-competence—the authority to self-determine jurisdiction—and its consequential judicial inconsistencies, which collectively deviate from international arbitration norms. Amid anti-globalization pressures, the analysis identifies systemic challenges rooted in China’s fragmented "foreign-related priority" legislative approach, historical administrative legacy undermining tribunal autonomy, premature judicial intervention in arbitration proceedings, and evolving conceptualization of arbitration from dispute resolution tool to strategic governance instrument. Following critical engagement with academic debates on dual-track legislation, judicial intervention timing, and substantive-procedural review boundaries, the study proposes a tripartite reform framework drawing on comparative insights from France’s minimal judicial intervention principle and Singapore’s mediation-arbitration integration. The roadmap advocates: legislative reconstruction through unified foundational laws supplemented by specialized foreign-related rules, local pilot reforms, and institutional rule harmonization; judicial coordination prioritizing ex ante tribunal authority with narrowly defined interim exceptions and ex post award scrutiny; and institutional innovation via mediation-arbitration-litigation coordination, regionally tailored pilots, and AI-enhanced procedural efficiency. Collectively, these measures aim to synchronize China’s arbitration system with global standards while accommodating domestic sociolegal realities to bolster its trade governance competitiveness.

As the development of artificial intelligence, it has been rapidly deployed in military operations, especially lethal autonomous weapon systems, which has sparked intense debates about the attribution of responsibility for AI's killing on the battlefield. Existing research mostly focuses on attributing responsibility to a single entity (such as developers or commanders), but this article argues that these views oversimplify the multi-level accountability framework required for governing the ethics and legal responsibilities of military AI. By integrating ethical frameworks and case studies, as well as legal considerations, this article critiques two major flaws in the current discourse: the neglect of contextual distinctions among various factors such as developers, operators, and commanders, and the lack of clarity regarding the delineation between legal and moral responsibilities. This article proposes contextualized responsibility: in different situations, different individuals (developer, operator, commander) should be held accountable, and in specific circumstances, this extends to legal liability. The contribution of this article lies in addressing the shortcomings of existing literature and providing a refined framework for the allocation of responsibility in military AI, which also ensures the core supervisory role of humans in lethal decision-making.

In the context of global academic exchange, second language (L2) academic writers face unique challenges in navigating disciplinary discourses, where writing is not just a linguistic task but a means of constructing and negotiating academic identities. Citation, as a fundamental practice in scholarly communication, carries multiple layers of meaning: it acknowledges intellectual predecessors, situates new research within existing conversations, and signals writers’ competence and belonging in academic communities. However, existing literature has largely overlooked how L2 writers’ citation behaviors interact with their identity formation, particularly across different educational stages. Undergraduates, in early stages of academic socialization, and postgraduates, with more advanced research exposure, likely develop distinct citation strategies that reflect their evolving sense of academic self. Additionally, the role of instructor feedback—both formal guidance and informal comments—in shaping these practices and, in turn, identity negotiation remains under-examined. This gap is notable given that feedback is a primary mechanism through which L2 writers learn disciplinary norms. This study thus explores these dynamics, aiming to clarify how citation practices mediate academic identity construction among L2 writers at different educational levels.

Social assistance assumes the role of guaranteeing basic life and maintaining social stability. In the critical period of China's advancement of socialist modernization, social assistance assumes an important mission and needs to promote high-quality development by means of continuous reform and innovation. Meanwhile, under the construction requirements of the categorized social assistance system, the collaborative governance network plays an important role in social assistance practice. This study chooses Muding County in Yunnan Province as the research object, and adopts the qualitative research method to present the practice cases of Dajiang Village and Republican Community's collaborative governance network participating in social assistance. The study concludes that social assistance in the collaborative governance network has four major practical functions: institutional support from the government, platform support from the community, organizational support from social organizations, and self-support from the assistance recipients. It also refines the three paths of collaborative governance network in social assistance, which forms a useful exploration for the development of social assistance field.

This paper explores the development path design for the intelligent transformation of community-based public facilities for elderly care, aiming to address the challenges of “passive aging” and promote the vision of “enjoyable aging”. The research is grounded in China’s aging population trend, the challenges faced by domestic community elderly care, and the transformative potential of smart technologies. Through literature review and case analysis, this study examines the core definition, classification, and domestic status of smart community elderly care facilities. It identifies key pathways for intelligent transformation, including demand-side adaptation, collaborative supply mechanisms, and quality enhancement through whole process supervision. The findings suggest that smart elderly care communities, by integrating technological empowerment with humanistic concern, can significantly improve health management efficiency, reduce the occurrence of accidents, and help preserve the autonomy of the elderly. However, challenges remain, such as insufficient age-friendly technology design, fragmented service coordination, lack of standardized systems, and limited public health data sharing. This study provides insights and references for the construction of smart elderly care communities, offering a technical foundation for the shift from experience-driven to data-driven services and achieving precision governance in elderly care.

Over the past quarter-century, early childhood education has drawn sustained international attention, and recruitment of novice kindergarten teachers has expanded in both Japan and China. Enthusiasm at entry, however, does not always translate into ease in real classrooms; the first year often requires structured support that helps novices move from coursework to practice. Taking the national training guidelines as the anchor, this study examines how Japan and China legally define and operationalize induction. The two systems share three elements: clear policy authorization, wide-ranging content, and an explicit equity orientation under government stewardship. Their trajectories diverge in notable ways. Japan institutionalized induction earlier and provides coverage through both public and private providers, yet its national guideline has changed little in recent decades. China’s legal architecture is more recent, and requirements for novices—particularly in private settings—remain insufficiently specified. The analysis suggests two complementary policy paths. For Japan: update the national framework to include emerging competencies such as ICT integration and inclusive education, and tighten evaluation and feedback loops. For China: establish legal definitions that unambiguously cover novice induction, decentralize implementation to match local conditions, and adopt lighter-weight, needs-based formats that reduce workload while improving practical outcomes.

As the world’s most deeply integrated regional entity, the European Union plays a pivotal role in the future trajectory of globalization through revisions to its migration policy. Yet existing research on globalization, European integration, and migration mainly adopt a macro-level analytical lens, with few investigating the evolution of immigration policies. The study conducts a comparative analysis of the European Union’s migration‑policy framework before and after the enactment of the 2024 Pact on Migration and Asylum. Utilizing migration‑flow data and policy documents published by the EU from 2015 to 2023, it investigates the interplay between the Pact and subsequent policy trajectories. The findings reveal that the Pact represents a critical transition in the EU’s governance of globalization—from a reactive posture to a strategic, management‑oriented stance. Although this shift initially curtailed cross‑border mobility, over the long term it has underpinned the progression of globalization toward greater institutional maturity. These insights bear significant theoretical and practical implications for the study of contemporary global integration.

Digital diplomacy has become a routine venue where ASEAN governments articulate, test, and contest international norms. To examine how such online exchanges shape normative practice, I pair computer-based text analysis with a constructivist framework, engaging Acharya’s ideas of localization and subsidiarity as the main interpretive guides. The corpus consists of official statements released on government-run web and social media channels across three policy areas that routinely prompt regional coordination—maritime security, climate change, and public-health emergencies. Leveraging natural language processing, I track shifts in wording surrounding identifiable regional actions and compare the framing adopted by different states. The patterns are asymmetric: online statements often endorse global formulations while simultaneously reframing them to reflect domestic priorities or regional sensitivities, and in some moments they signal resistance. Rather than treating platforms as neutral conduits, the findings portray them as sites where norms are reworked in practice. The contribution is twofold: it offers an empirical probe of localization dynamics and demonstrates how computational text analysis can be integrated with comparative interpretation to inform policy design and cross-cultural norm development.

Basketball, a low-cost and largely non-verbal sport, can operate as a practical entry point for newcomers seeking footing in New York City. Through semi-structured interviews, this study follows how participation reorganizes social life at two scales: the interpersonal (friendships, cross-cultural contact) and the individual (feelings of competence, recognition, and belonging). Evidence suggests that the court’s meritocratic norms help participants who face language or cultural barriers to take part and to be seen. Yet inclusion is neither automatic nor evenly distributed. Women and others from underrepresented backgrounds recount exclusionary moments and the unease of male-dominated environments, which limit access to the same benefits. Interpreting these patterns with Yuval-Davis’s theory of belonging and Putnam’s account of social capital, the article distinguishes bonding within close networks from bridging across difference and shows how basketball can enable both under specific conditions. It concludes with actionable recommendations for community programs to widen access and with a call for intersectional, comparative work across sports and cultural contexts.

Following the COVID-19 pandemic, Mandatory Vaccination, which refers to requiring employees, students, or citizens to be vaccinated to continue their work, education or daily activities, has become a highly debated topic. Although anti-vaccine activists emphasize their right of bodily autonomy, it is ethical to require vaccination, supported by three perspectives: utilitarian, societal and in terms of vulnerability, to guarantee the health of the entire society. Comparing the potential side effects of vaccines and the harm of the spread of infectious diseases and using measles as an example help analyze from utilitarian perspective. From societal perspectives, instances of suicide and hate speech show that laws and policies prioritize collective interests over individual preferences. In terms of vulnerability, vaccines are also designed for underprivileged groups, such as people whose health conditions prevent them being vaccinated and people who cannot afford the fees of medical treatments, ensuring equitable health protection.